U.S. Standards Information
(Good Historical Data)

• EPA's 1997 8-Hour Ozone and PM-2.5 Standards
• The 2006 Revised PM-2.5 Standard
• The 2008 Revised Ozone Standards
• The 1997 PM Standard
• EPA's Original List of Violating Areas for Ozone and PM for 1993-1995
• A Summary of Legal Activities Concerning the 8-Hour & PM-2.5 Federal Standards

Detailed Information on the PM Criteria Document and Staff Paper

• A Summary of Concerns about the Methodology Utilized in the Epidemiological Studies for PM
• Comments on the PM OAQPS Staff Paper
  First Draft - 2003

Detailed Information on the 1-Hour Ozone Standard

• Nonattainment Areas that Violated 1-Hour Ozone Standard for 2015-2017
• Additional Counties Failing to Meet the 1-Hour Ozone Standard for 2015-2017
• The Identification of Nonattainment Areas for the 1-Hour Ozone Standard
• July 5, 2000 EPA Reinstatement of the 1-Hour Standard for Ozone

Detailed Information on the 8-Hour Ozone Standard

• Design Values by County for the 0.075 ppm Revised 8-Hour Ozone Standard
• Calculating the 8-Hour Ozone Standard
• Following 8-Hour Ozone Activities
• 176 Counties Identified as Nonattainment for the 8-Hour 1997 Ozone Standard
• 160 Counties Identified as Nonattainment for the 8-Hour 2008 Ozone Standard
• Characterization of 8-Hour Standard for 2006-2008 for U.S. and Canada
• Comparison of 8-Hour Standard for 2005-2007, 2006-2008, and 2007-2009 Periods for U.S. and Canada
• Some Concerns about the 8-Hour Ozone Standard
• Difficulty in Attaining the Ozone Standard-The "Piston Effect" is More Widespread Than Previously Believed
• Internet-Based Slide Presentation of the "Piston Effect"
• A Prediction Of What Will Happen When Controls Are Implemented
• An Alternative to the 8-Hour Average Ozone Standard is Needed

Vegetation Effects

• Bridging the Gap Between Ozone Exposure and Ozone Dose: The Importance of High Hourly Average Concentrations
• Exposure Indices Used to Protect Vegetation (W126 and N100 Indices)
• Background Information on a Possible W126 Exposure Secondary Ozone Standard
• How Well Will an 8-Hour Ozone Standard Protect Vegetation?
• The Importance of Cumulative, Peak-Weighted Exposure Indices
• An Important Issue: Relating Vegetation Experiments with Real-World Exposures
• Federal Land Managers' Air Quality Related Values Workgroup (FLAG): Ozone
• Response to Comments in the EPA Docket on the Reconsideration of the Secondary Ozone Standard (W126)

Dose Considerations

• The Justification for Triangular Patterns of Ozone Exposure in Controlled Human Health Laboratory Experiments
• Human Health and Vegetation: Weighting the Higher Concentrations More than the Lower Values
• The Development of Ambient-Type Ozone Exposures in Controlled Human Health Laboratory Experiments
• An Alternative to the 8-Hour Average Ozone Standard is Needed

Background Ozone Levels

• Background Ozone
• Natural Background - An Important Issue
• Percentiles of Hourly Average Concentrations at Background Ozone Monitoring Sites in the U.S.
• Top Ten 8-Hour Average Daily Maximum Ozone Concentrations at Background Monitoring Sites
• Maximum hourly average ozone concentrations at rural sites in Northern Europe in February
• The Effects of Underestimating Background Levels of Ozone on Human-Health Risk
• The Effects of Underestimating Background Levels of Ozone on Predicted Vegetation Losses
• Quiz on Background Ozone Monitoring Sites
• Internet-Based Slide Presentation of Background Ozone

Air Quality Trends

• Ozone Trends Analyses on Anthropogenically Influenced Monitoring Sites in the United States and on Worldwide Background Ozone Monitoring Sites
• EPA's 1980 - 2021 Ozone Trends
  Analysis
• Ozone Trends Using W126 Index - 1988-1997

Air Quality Analyses

• The Use of Kriging to Spatially Predict Ozone Exposures
• Current Nonattainment Status of Criteria Air Pollutants
• Co-Occurrence Patterns of Ozone with Other Air Pollutants
• Co-Occurrence Patterns of Sulfur Dioxide with Nitrogen Dioxide
• Co-Occurrence Patterns of Sulfur Dioxide with Daily PM2.5 Concentrations
• Co-Occurrence Patterns of Nitrogen Dioxide with Daily PM2.5 Concentrations
• EPA's 2016-2018 List of Areas that Violated or Achieved the Ozone 8-Hour Standard
• EPA's 2016-2018 List of Areas that Violated or Achieved the Carbon Monoxide Standards
• EPA's 2016-2018 List of Areas that Violated or Achieved the Lead Standards
• EPA's 2016-2018 List of Areas that Violated or Achieved the Nitrogen Dioxide Standards
• EPA's 2016-2018 List of Areas that Violated or Achieved the PM10 Standard
• EPA's 2016-2018 List of Areas that Violated or Achieved the PM2.5 Standards
• 8-Hour Ozone Values for Selected National Park Monitoring Sites for 1997-1999

  Additional Important Information
  

• Human Health and Vegetation: Weighting the Higher Concentrations More than the Lower Values
• Dr. Lefohn's PM Presentation at EPA CASAC Meeting at Research Triangle Park, NC - July 18, 2002
• Canada's National Ambient Air Quality Ozone and PM Standards
• Prevalence of SO2 Peaks May be Much Higher than Previously Believed
• Global Sulfur Emissions: 1850-1990
• The Failure of Haber's Law and Its Ramifications for Current Risk Assessment Methodolgy
• Memorable Quotes
• Memorable Albert Einstein Quotes
• Audio and Video Streaming Presentations
• USDA Forest Service, Ozone Calculator to Estimate Vegetation Effects
• Comments by Dr. A.S. Lefohn on the report, Code Red: America's Five Most Polluted National Parks

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